Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter Essays - Software

Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FormGen" \o "FormGen" FormGen . Originally released on May 5, 1992, for MS-DOS , it was inspired by the 1981 Muse Software video game Castle Wolfenstein . In Wolfenstein 3D , the player assumes the role of Allied spy William "B.J." Blazkowicz during World War II as he escapes from the Nazi German prison Castle Wolfenstein and carries out a series of crucial missions against the Nazis. The player traverses through each of the game's levels to find an elevator to the next level or kill a final boss , fighting Nazi soldiers, dogs, and other enemies with knives, pistols, and other guns. Wolfenstein 3D was the second major release by id Software, after the Commander Keen series of episodes. In mid-1991, programmer John Carmack experimented with making a fast 3D game engine by restricting the gameplay and viewpoint to a single plane , producing HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovertank_3D" \o "Hovertank 3D" Hovertank 3D and Catacomb 3-D as prototypes. After a design session prompted the company to shift from the family-friendly Keen to a more violent theme, programmer John Romero suggested remaking the 1981 stealth shooter Castle Wolfenstein as a fast-paced action game. He and designer Tom Hall designed the game, built on Carmack's engine, to be fast and violent, unlike other computer games on the market at the time. Wolfenstein 3D features artwork by Adrian Carmack and sound effects and music by Bobby Prince . The game was r eleased through Apogee in two sets of three episodes under the shareware model, in which the first episode is released for free to drive interest in paying for the rest. An additional episode, Spear of Destiny , was released as a stand-alone retail title through FormGen . Wolfenstein 3D was a critical and commercial success, garnering numerous awards and selling over 200,000 copies by the end of 1993. It is widely regarded as having helped popularize the first-person shooter genre and establishing the standard of fast-paced action and technical prowess for many subsequent games in the genre, as well as showcasing the viability of the shareware publishing model at the time. FormGen developed an additional two episodes for the game, while Apogee released a pack of over 800 fan-created levels. Id Software never returned to the series, but did license the engine to numerous other titles before releasing the source code for free in 1995, and multiple other games in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfenstein_(series)" \o "Wolfenstein (series)" Wolfenstein series have been developed by other companies since 2001.

Political history of northern ireland essays

Political history of northern ireland essays Political History of Northern Ireland The political conflicts in Northern Ireland originate from many different sources. The complex issues have greatly affected the British colony for many centuries. This paper will review the conflicts, primarily since 1920. After a brief summary of the geography of Northern Ireland, the two main political parties and their perspectives will be explained. Next, theories of the cause of the conflict will be covered, as will proposed solution. Finally, the steps toward peace in the last decade will be explained. Since 1920 Northern Ireland has been a part of the United Kingdom, however geographically it is located on the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland has six counties and the population is over 1.5 million (Wolff 1). Formally known as Ulster, after the former province, its capital city is Belfast. Northern Ireland comprises only one-sixth of the land mass of the island, measuring 110 miles east and west, and 85 miles north and south (Northern Ireland). The history of the conflict in Ireland originated, many believe, in the 16th century, when Irish Catholics were forced to leave the North. England moved Presbyterians from Scotland and Northern England to replace the Catholics. This moved was intended to populate Northern Ireland with docile, compliant residents. However, the original Catholics did not succumb quietly, and eventually attempted to move back home (Farrell). Until recently, Unionists decorated their streets every July 12th to celebrate the 1620 victory of William III, a protestant, over the Catholic James II (Cook). Today, the term used by most citizens of Northern Ireland to describe the political conflict is the Northern Irish problem. Unfortunately, this term has little meaning because the problem is perceived differently depending on the points of view of the participants (Darby). Some of the population would like to see the restoration of a united...

Zulu Kingdom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zulu Kingdom - Research Paper Example Shaka was an illegitimate son of king Senzangakhona and he was responsible for allegiance that resulted into massive wars with the neighboring communities. As a young man, he joined the army of Dingiswayo and soon became a high-ranking commander. With the Dingiswayo army behind his back, he led aggressive missions that resulted in the expansion of the Zulu kingdom. The rural Zulu community adopted different modes of subsistence for their survival. This paper will therefore, discuss the effects of Pastoralism, Kinship, Sickness, and healing, Beliefs and Values of the Zulu community. The Zulu community relied on the natural vegetation to feed their animals. The vast grasslands provided good grounds for these activities. Men and boys were supposed to graze the cattle in open field while women tilled land to produce crops. This means that transhumance Pastoralism was practiced in the Zulu land. The community mainly depended on their animals that were supplemented with the food grown by their women. A herder was considered mature and able to make serious decisions on where to graze without any consultation. He was also expected increase his herd aggressively through all possible means. Men from the same locality grazed together in small groups that were based on mutual relationship. In the Zulu community, Large Herds of cattle were not only considered as a source of income but also prestige, power, and respect. This is because the bigger the herd the more one was considered brave. Pastoralist conquests were frequent and in most cases, herders emerged gained victory over the farming communities. This increased their respect in the community. For example, Mongols, who were horse herders, were given great tribute for centuries after winning such battles. According to O’Neil (2011), the Zulu community gained a lot of fame from such battles in the 1830s before the British army defeated them in 1879. A very unstable economy characterized Zulu community. Herds of cattle are biological assets that are prone to change making it difficult to determine their future value. They can only be measured using the fair value method of measurement with many underlying assumptions. A biological asset undergoes the process of growth, reproduction, ageing, and procreation. In this case, there is no clear market set for such assets and there are no guidelines to determine how long this should be reviewed. According to Hlaciuc, et al (2008), â€Å"The measurement of biological assets is less reliable than the fair value method since sometimes the coupled products and coupled costs can generate situations where inputs and outputs are not correctly defined.† With these limitations in the measurement of a biological asset’s value, it was difficult for a Zulu person to define the value of their assets at a particular time. During the dry season, the Zulu’s economy suffered great losses due to animal deaths resulting from lack of water and feeding foliage (Leeuwis, 2000). Some contagious diseases like yellow fever and anthrax could wipe out an entire flock. This means that their economy, which was based on herds of cattle a major source of income, was unstable. Movements in search of pasture too contributed to the unstable economic status e xperienced by the Zulu community. Pastoralist’s communities did not build permanent residence since they relied on temporally seasonal shelters, which implied that the community realized little developments. A brave soldier from the Zulu community had to increase their cattle to gain power and prestige over the other community. This resulted into endless battles that caused political instability in the region stagnating economic developments. The first qualification of a herder

Drones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Drones - Assignment Example d will go down in history, along with the Spencer repeating rifle and jet power, as transformational and/or disruptive technologies for which there were no established laws that regulated their initial use.   And, while it’s unfortunate that innocents are killed in any conflict, the same risks exist with conventional weapons; and under warfare that is more conventional.   Transnational terrorism offers a new challenge that must be met with new tools: drones are that tool and a reasonable proportional response to what are often small groups of bad actors.   The idea of expecting local law enforcement, often in virtually lawless countries, to capture terrorist is also a non-starter.   The Obama administration has published common sense guidelines that govern the use of force in other countries and I find them practical.   The United States has the right to target terrorists using drone attacks, even if incidental loss of life will occur among the non targetable civilians; as long as the principles of proportionality, distinction and reasonable necessity are adhered to. When using the principles of proportionality and reasonable necessity, the government should take into consideration all the appropriate features of the context. These considerations entails; identification of the terrorist targets, understanding the significance of the target, analyzing the appropriateness of alternative target methods for combating terrorism, studying the proximity to non targetable civilians, and identifying if the civilians are being used as human shield by the terrorists either voluntarily or through coercion. Drone killings are lawful if they adhere to the laws of war and laws of self defense. This is because targeting the terrorists due to self defense is legal. Terrorist participate in ongoing armed attacks, therefore, they should be targeted by drone killings in whichever part of the world they operate in. Terrorists also participate in direct hostilities against the

Culture, Modernity and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture, Modernity and media - Essay Example This is because the idea of a nation state or the concept the every human belongs to one or more nations has been very influential in the course of human history. A nationalistic ideology forms the basis of creation for a nation state which determines its friendly or even hostile relationships with other nations of the world. Being a part of nations entails to some extent a positive belief in the ideology of the nation and upholding certain customs which are part of the national culture (Miztal, 2003). Strangely enough, there sometimes appears to be no basis of creating a nation since in historical terms nations were formed simply because a group had a different accent from another, while at the same time, people from across races, religions, cultural and backgrounds as well as those who speak different languages can call themselves part of one nation (Giddens, 1994). This is particularly the case with western democracies like America or Britain, where the diversity of the nation is celebrated as much as the union (Bhaba, 1989). In fact, celebrations are significant in helping to create a national identity and infusing a sense of belonging to a nation without internal discrimination. The celebratory role of a particular incident in history is often connected with war and struggle. Incidentally, the celebration seldom looks at the atrocities committed by the nations involved in the war but rather at the positive, heroic, self sacrificing and noble acts which ‘deserve’ to be commemorated. For instance, the American celebration of Veteran’s Day is a celebration of all the war heroes who fought for America in the many wars the nation has conducted over its comparatively short history (Gillis, 1994). Of course there is little mention of America being the only nation in the world to have ever used a nuclear attack on another nation. The atrocities which were committed by American soldiers in Vietnam and the crimes of war they

The Cleaning And The Maintaining Skylight Construction Essay

The Cleaning And The Maintaining Skylight Construction Essay Nowadays the government keep on introduce sustainable building or green building. Skylight is one of the components of day lighting and day lighting is one of the components in green building. The function of Skylight basically is to let the natural light to emit into the building through the glazing of a skylight. There are various types of skylight in the market, but the most used skylights are Ventilating Skylight, fixed skylight, tubular skylight. Some of the skylights are design for aesthetic purpose, and more and more Designer and Architect is designing their building with skylight. There are many benefit that get from skylight such as energy- efficiency, it will provide more light into house so the user inside the house can switch on less light or install less artificial light. This will also save more energy consume as compare to the normal lighting install. In addition to the energy- efficiency, skylight also can be part of green contribution to the planet. The aim of this dissertation is to find out the importance and method of maintaining a skylight shopping mall. And with the objective of To investigate whether the lack of maintain of a skylight will affect the occupants inside the shopping mall and To find out the methods used to maintain skylight in shopping mall. In the research methodology, this dissertation is going to conduct by using both two method of Primary data collection and secondary data collection. For primary data collection, going to use observation, interview and distribution of questionnaire. For secondary data collection, is going to find by using internet, magazine, and books. Table of Contents Introduction Background Skylight is a special type of window which built into the roof of a house or building in order to let the natural daylight come into the house directly. A skylight may be installed for aesthetic purposes, or as part of a general passive-heating strategy. Skylight allows approximately eight times as much light to enter the house as a comparably sized wall window. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) At the old days Skylight were leak, due to the limitation of contemporary construction and sealing materials. The glazing of the Skylight was leak and allowed heat to escape, the user felt uncomfortable with the temperature and cause them to heat during the winter, it will cause them a fortunes, and the Skylight n were not the demanded after the few problem occur. (Christopher J V Cooper, 2009) Today in this modern world, we have the benefit of modern dry double glazing techniques, an advanced sealing compounds and automatic electric mechanisms for opening and closing skylight windows. These improvements, together with the use of sealed double glazed panels ensure that modern skylight can maintain a traditional appearance while offering, structural Integrity and durability together with good insulation properties. The use of durable hardwood timber and high quality micro porous paints and stains ensures that a modern Skylight will last for many years with minimum maintenance. (Christopher J V Cooper, 2009) Problem Statement and Research Question Nowadays there are more and more designer or architect will include skylight into their design for shopping mall. Skylight in a shopping mall without proper maintenances, it will affect the occupant inside the building. In this case study, I quoted two questions, there are Does lack of maintenance or cleaning will affect the occupant in shopping Mall? And What are the methods used to maintain a skylight? Aim and Objective In this dissertation, the aim is to find out the importance and method of maintaining a skylight shopping mall. The objectives of this research are to be achieved is listed as below: To investigate whether the lack of maintain of a skylight will affect the occupants inside the shopping mall. The objective of this research is to investigate the occupants in shopping mall feels when the management is not performing the maintenance regularly. In the manner of aesthetic view or the disturbance (such as leaking) cause by skylight. Besides that, will the cost for cooling down the temperature will be increased while the skylight leaks the cold air inside the building. To find out the methods used to maintain skylight in shopping mall. The objective of this research is to find out the method and procedure used for maintaining skylight in shopping mall including the material for sealing the joining between skylight and the frame. Besides that, for performing maintenance procedure, does it have to do it in time frame and how long usually takes while doing maintenance. Scope of Study This study will be conduct in shopping mall at town area of Kuala Lumpur which is located at Jalan Ampang for KLCC and Bukit Bintang for Pavilion. In this dissertation, mainly is to study the method used for maintaining Skylight. Identify the various method and analysis which method is better with the consideration of the time and material consume for doing maintenance and the frequency of maintenance have to conduct for a skylight. Besides that, the lack of maintenances of a skylight will affect occupant will be study also. It studies about the aesthetic view for occupants inside the building and the disturbance cause by skylight such as leaking. Hypothesis To propose the correct and suitable method to conduct the maintenance of skylight. Research Methodology This research is going to use three methods for primary data collection they are Case studies by doing Observation, Interview and Questionnaire. First method for getting primary data is Case Study through Observation in shopping mall. In this research, the observation is going to conduct in Kuala Lumpur (KL) is because KL have shopping mall that always occupied with lots of occupants. The observation will be conducted in Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) which is located at Jalan Ampang Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Pavilion which located at Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The design, type and pattern of skylight will be noted by sketching and will be added with the condition of skylight such as the visible leaking, banding frame, and the cleanliness of skylight. Second method for getting primary data is Interview, The interview will be conducted with interviewee who is the person in charge of doing the maintenance or the management of the shopping mall and ask them about the common problem occur in skylight and how they managed to solve the problem. Besides that, the management will be interviewed with the question of maintaining the skylight and cleaning the skylight. Third method is through Questionnaire, the questionnaire will be distribute to the people who cant entertain the interview and the people who work, or shops in KLCC and Pavilion is because they spend long hours in that building, so they surely will notice the condition of skylight. In the Questionnaire will ask how they solved the problem when leakage occurred for the people in the management. For the people who work there I will ask their opinion about the skylight and have they seen a skylight leaking or other defects while they work and how the management people overcome the problem. Secondary data collection, the information will be getting from three main sources Interne, News Paper, and Books. Internet there are a lots of website providing information but we our self have to be smart to search for the information. In this research will search for the information related to this research such as, the methods used to maintain skylight, lack of maintenance of skylight will affect the occupants, causes of leakage in skylight and, cost saving of skylight with a proper maintenance in shopping mall. Library is one of the best place to look for information, regularly check for the News Paper, magazine, journal will be better if there is any update. The article or information search must be under the objective of this research, the research scope will be the same as above. Book in the library can provide information about skylight, and in this research will look for the book any data which related to skylight, but most of it the title will be Day Lighting, Green Building, and Sustainable building because skylight is a part of day lighting, and it often appear in Green Building and Sustainable building. Literature Review Definition of Skylight Skylight can be consider as a part of Day lighting, Skylight is a special type of window which built into the roof of a house or building in order to let the natural daylight travel into the house or building directly. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) Skylights are also literally windows in the roof that bring a bit of blue sky into the building or house. In the night time skylight also can display the stars and the moon. (California Energy Commission) Skylights also provide the interior of a house with the warmth and brightness of natural daylight. They also reduce the number of artificial light. They will brighten up dark corners and let in lots of warmth. Besides that, they can also provide ventilation when it is needed. (California Energy Commission) Skylight may be installed for aesthetic purposes, some of it maybe for general passive-heating strategy. There are many types of skylight in the industry, with differing designs, materials, and added components. Most of the people end up choosing a skylight that is far too large for their house is because they want more light as possible. Unfortunately, even the best skylights have much poorer insulation than a comparable space of roof, so a large skylight allows large amounts of heat to escape during cold weather, and too much heat to enter the house during warm weather. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) Types of Skylight There are various types of skylight being use in these days, the most widely used Skylight are Ventilating Skylight, fixed skylight, tubular skylight. Ventilating Skylight is to allow air to pass through into the building normally use in bathrooms and kitchens which helps to relieve excess moisture and keep the flow of air steady. Fixed skylight is a skylight that cannot be opened it is solely to allow the natural daylight to pass into the house. Tubular skylight is a very small skylight, intended mainly for hallways and small rooms where a traditional skylight wouldnt easily fit. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) There are some skylight is for aesthetic purpose. The most common skylight is Flat Skylight, consisting of a square or rectangular piece of flat glass or acrylic that may be fixed or ventilating. Next is Round Skylight, if we view from the roof it is like half-sphere bubble. Next is Polygon Skylight, is a skylight which is looks like polygon that juts out of the roof with a number of glass or acrylic. Besides that, Pyramid Skylight is a simple four-triangle pyramid that juts out of the roof. Finally, Dome skylight is similar to a flat skylight but the glass is rounds up past the surface of the roof. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) Furthermore for the residential, there are four type of skylight more often associated with large buildings. First is Hip Ridge Skylight is a long rectangular skylight which peaks up above the roof surface to a central ridge, with a sloping triangular piece of glass on either short end. Next is Ridge skylight is a simpler version, with two long triangles sloping in towards one another, and straight triangles closing off either end. Besides that, Lean-to Skylight is a simple slope which rises from the roof of one story and ends by leaning against an upper wall of the next story. Last, Barrel Vault Skylight is a more complex form of the lean-to, which consists of a half-sphere against an upper wall, often seen in large arboretums. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) Common Problem of Skylight The most common problem of skylight is leak, mostly due to the limitation of contemporary construction and sealing materials. The glazing of the Skylight was leak and allowed heat to escape, the user felt uncomfortable with the temperature and cause them to heat during the winter, it will cause them a fortunes, and the Skylight were not the demanded after the few problem occur. (Christopher J V Cooper, 2009) Heat loss A skylight in the roof of a building will lose about 35% to 45% more heat during cold weather than the normal window installed on the side of the building with the same glazing that install in both Skylight and normal window. That is because hot air rises. As the hot air in the building rises toward the ceiling, it comes in contact with the cold surface of the skylight. The same theory but in the other way round the cold air falls, it will form a large draft loop which will decrease comfort of the occupants. If the skylight is more horizontal the effect will be more significant, the more significant. This type of heat loss is caused by convection. Even in dual-paned installed in skylights the warm air between the panes rises upward to meet the large, cold, nearly horizontal glazing. This hot air then falls and replaced by more hot air from below. (California Energy Commission) Heat loss in building through convection is not as great through windows installed on the side of a building. That is because the direction that heat flows through them is primarily horizontal, not vertical, and because the side windows are not generally placed near the ceiling. Besides that, skylights also lose heat through radiation. As normal windows are often shaded by exterior shutters, trees and shrubs and overhang, but skylights are exposed to the cold night sky. (California Energy Commission) Heat gain In hot weather Country, heat gain will become a problem because additional cost for cooling down the building is required. Skylight is more exposed to the sun than normal vertical windows, it can let the heat pass into building as much as four times the amount of heat as a normal window. Unless the user or house owner can manage the heat gain or else the building will be uncomfortable during hot weather and have to switch on air conditioner overtime. Energy experts estimate that a 2-foot by 4-foot of skylight made with a single panel of clear glass will allow heat into a home to make a typical air conditioner use an additional 240 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. (California Energy Commission) Besides that Brendan McGuigan also stated that, Skylights also have the potential to cause drafts, making the room uncomfortable. During rainy weather it will leak if the seal not good in quality. Although skylight can reduce the amount and cost of energy consume for artificial light inside the building but they can let in extra and unwanted heat that will make the air conditioner work harder during the summer and in the winter they can allow precious heat to escape. (Brendan McGuigan, 2003) Cleaning problem After quite some time the glazing panel of skylight will become dirty and most of the people will think is the skylight problem, a malfunction other type damage, or the life span of the skylight is near. Skylights are installed around the roof or on top of the house so it is hard to reach. That is made the skylight cleaning more difficult, it will consume lots of time to clean a skylight than normal window because it needs people to climb up to the roof and clean the skylight. If hired a cleaning service provider it will cost the house owner a fortune. If a skylight without the cleaning it will accumulate dust, sooner or later the skylight will eventually block the sunlight and the main purpose of installing skylight will be defeated. (Jon Nunan, n.d.) Cleaning and maintaining skylight The main purpose of skylight is to bring in additional day light from outside of a building into the building. In the same time skylight also can add for the aesthetic purpose, besides that it also can provide a great view from room inside. The occupants inside only can enjoyed if the skylight is clean. (Skyler Carpenter, 2005) Skylight is installed outside and it will expose to outside weather such as rain, snow, bird droppings, moisture, dust and leaves. The view of a blue sky will be blurring because the dust let the skylight emit less sunlight passing through and that is good time for cleaning. (Skyler Carpenter, 2005) Skylight is not hard to maintain and clean, and there is no need clean the skylight very often if it in a rainy climate, because the rain will wash away the dirt on the skylight. However, the skylight should be cleaned at lease twice a year to protect, from scratches. And it does also will bring maximum amount of light into the building. (Skyler Carpenter, 2005) Cleaning from the inside, inside of the skylight does not get as dirty as the outside of skylight. If using a wet cloth to clean away the dust is normally sufficient. Cleaning from the outside will be more effort, First have to go on top of the roof and with a bucket fill with some detergent and water, a sponge, a couple of dry cloths, some car wax for polish, and a garden hose. Second have to rinse the skylight and wipe the dirt off using a detergent-soaked sponge but not knife or scrapper as it may scratch the glazing or acrylic panel. Last is to polish the skylight panel by using the car wax. Wax can cover minor scratches and as well as to protect the glazing from damage caused by outside elements, besides that wax will cause the rain to drain off or slide off easily. (Skyler Carpenter, 2005) Skylight Glazing The material of skylights glazing are mostly made of either plastic or glass, depends on the choice and several factors such as weather, location within the home and price. Manufacturers may refer to the types of skylights by their  glazing. Plastic glazing is less expensive as compare than glass glazing but yet its still fairly durable. Plastic glazing has the disadvantage that are it will scratch, discolour or warp easily, unless the glazing is coated with a special film, these kinds of glazes will let in dangerous ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, it will harm the occupants skin and furniture. Most of the dome or bubble shaped skylights are plastic. (John Fuller, n.d.) In other way, the glass glazing is more expensive than plastic, but its preferable by most of the people is because it is more durable as compared to plastic, glass glazing doesnt discolour and it will have better appearance than plastic glazing for a long time period. The glass glazing must be made of safety glazing material, it has to be tempered or laminated.  Tempered glass  is a glass that has gone through a process of heating and rapid cooling to make the glass much harder than normal glass. If the glass breaks it will shatters into small pebble-like pieces with no sharp edges.  Laminated glass  is made with a thin layer of plastic sandwiched between two pieces of glass. (John Fuller, n.d.) Skylights Benefits Skylights are the one of the best solution for adding lighting in the building, besides from providing natural day light, skylights also help in minimizing heating, cooling, and lighting costs. Skylight is mostly used for energy-efficiency purposes, for the residential used, it is more commonly used as simple lighting and the appearance of the overall building as well. Nowadays, skylights had become much popular mostly due to the current research stated that natural light or sunlight not only helps the occupants concentration, but raises the spirits of occupants, increases the productivity, and aids the healing process. (Roof 101, n.d.) Skylight contribute in Productivity Skylight provides natural daylight from outside the building into inside of building. It will bright the building during the daytime, the glazing will allow sunlight to enter the building to illuminate for occupants to see. (Consolidated Roofing System) According to scientific experts stated that natural Light can boost energy up to 24%, this is show that increasing in productivity. The National Commission estimates that, businesses lose more than $150 billion a year in America because of employee fatigue due to lack of daylight. Lockheed Martin also claims that after adding skylights to hes building, the company have increased 15% higher productivity. (Velux, n.d.) Skylight contribute in House value Skylight take illumination to another level, it is important because it helps the building owner and real estate agent, because the skylight will makes the home brighter and it will looks much larger than it is, and benefit the people who trying sell house in this tough real estate market, the presence of a few skylights can affect the potential buyer by viewing the space inside the residence. (Consolidated Roofing System, n.d.) Skylight will increase the overall value a houses. House owner or investor can always count on getting back the money that they had invested in installing skylights. Mostly its because skylight has become a part of current trend in this modern society. Besides skylights have modern appeal, it also has energy-efficiency and this will add some point to the house value. (Jenny Schweyer, 2008) Skylight contribution Green and Energy efficiency Skylight not only provides natural day lighting it also will lower the electricity bill. If skylights are strategically place it will replace the artificial electric lighting in a building during the daytime. Skylights are as part of green, since the occupants are saving electricity they are helping to preserve the environment. Nowadays skylight has become is latest trends in building that is green building, that is building built with maximizing efficiency and preserve that nature or planet. Most of the people cannot afford other green home technology because it too expensive but skylights is affordable as compare to solar panel when consider about the energy savings and cost saving. Besides that it also will reduce our carbon footprint. (Jenny Schweyer, 2008) Skylight contribute in Health Skylight let the sunlight to emit into the building, through its glass glazing. The natural sunlight that emitted will provide the occupants inside the building. Natural sunlight will helps to regulate the occupants bodys circulation rhythm and have better sleep at night. (Jenny Schweyer, 2008) Besides that, natural sunlight will give us the Vitamin D, but with the skylight, it can partially reflect or filter the UV ray and it will benefit the occupants with natural sunlight from the sun and the occupants without getting burn.

Comets Essay -- essays research papers fc

The first written records of comets date back to nearly 3,000 years ago from China and Europe. The accounts of these comets were believed to be the causes of terrible events that occurred afterwards. In more recent times, however, astronomers have found out what they really are. A comet is basically a mixture of ices, from both water and frozen gases, and dust. They have also been given the names â€Å"dirty snowballs† or â€Å"icy mud balls.† The typical comet is less than 10 kilometers across. They spend most of their time frozen solid in the outer parts of our solar system. Comets are composed of five parts: the nucleus, coma, hydrogen cloud, dust tail, and ion tail. The nucleus is pretty solid and stable, composed mostly of ice and gas with a small amount of dust and other solids. The surface of the nucleus is best described as a black crust. Comet nuclei can range from 1 kilometer to about 50 kilometers across. The black crust on the surface of the nuclei helps the comet to absorb heat, which causes some of the ices under the crust to turn to a gas. Pressure builds up underneath the crust and causes the surface to bubble up in some places. Eventually, the weak spots of the crust break open from the pressure, and the gas shoots outward; astronomers refer this to as a jet. Dust that had been mixed in with the gas is also pushed out, and as more jets appear, a small gas and dust shell forms around the nucleus, and this is called the coma. The coma, also called the head, is a dense cloud of water, carbon dioxide and other gases and comes off of the nucleus. They can be several thousand kilometers in diameter, depending on the comet’s distance from the sun and the size of the nucleus. The size of the nucleus is important because since large nuclei have a greater surface area facing the sun, which is the side that is the warmest, hence the side where most of the jets are coming from, it means more jets and greater amounts of gas and dust go into the coma. Even though the coma can get to be very large, its size can actually decrease about the time it crosses the orbit of Mars. At this distance the particles that drift out from the sun act as a powerful wind which blows the gas and dust particles away from the nucleus and coma. This is the process, wh ich makes the comet’s tail. The hydrogen cloud is very large at millions of kilometers... ...elieved that the comet Hale-Bopp was going to cause something very bad to happen, so they all committed suicide. If people can have a better understanding of what comets are, things like this could possibly be prevented. The roles that comets have played in the earth and in life as it is today are really big and important. If it had not been for comets, then life could possibly not have even existed now. Also, many creatures, for example the dinosaurs, have become extinct because of the comets colliding with the earth. If the comets had never made these creatures go extinct, then life would without a doubt be different. â€Å"Works Cited† Franklin, William. â€Å"Small Comets.† Online. Internet. Available: http://smallcomets.physics.uiowa.edu/ Hamilton, Calvin. "Asteroid Introduction." Online. Internet. Available: http://www.solarviews.com/eng/asteroid.htm Laborde, John. â€Å"Comet West.† Online. Internet. Available: http://www.solarviews.com/cap/comet/west.htm Rondlen, Michael. â€Å"Comet.† Online. Internet. Available: http://windows.ivv.nasa.gov/ Sipes, Russell. â€Å"Comet Hale-Bopp.† Online. Internet. Available: http://www.sipe.com/halebopp/"Comet Hale-Bopp"

The Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads

Among the many religious books in Hindu philosophy, the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads are among the most famous. Both texts agree that knowledge is needed in order to liberate the Self (Atman) from worldly miseries and discover the dharma (truth). Failure to do so may result to subjection of the individual further into the world of ignorance and suffering, making him more of a victim of fate rather than its master or even enjoyer. However, despite their aparent similarities, differences in approach on the same philosophy could be found.The Upanishads, is intended for the individual devoted to consummate asceticism and with firm faith and yearning for the eternal, while the Bhagavad Gita, or Gita, as it is simply called, is a more practical guide for persons facing everyday or normal problems in life. The entire Hindu philosophy believes that there is a God that contains everything and that everyone contains the immortal aspect of God within him. A suitable analogy would be to think of God as the great ocean and we, His creatures, His tiny droplets, and with the rest of creation are subject to change.We are within God and God is within each core of our being: â€Å"I am the Self abiding in The heart of all beings; I am The beginning, the middle, and Also the end of all beings â€Å"(10. 20). The only reason while we experience change and suffering is that we failed to attune Name 2 ourselves to the immortal God. Both sources state that by connecting the self to the one God one can achieve eternal peace. However, man's unneeded worldly attachment and the instability of the human mind has prevented him from reaching this enlgihtened state.And if one has failed to attain liberation before the end of his lifetime, he is still subject to the endless wheel of life and death—he will be reborn.. Both sacred texts agree to the idea of the restlessness of the mind, and that the mind's unstable processes is the cause of the individual's ignorance of the true self. The factors that affect the mind's instability can be internal or external in nature. The internal factors are such things as pesonal longing, the tendency of the mind to wander from one thought to another, or desire, while external factors can be sensations like pleasure or pain.Having these distractions of the mind under control eventually reveals the Atman inherent in each individual. As the Bhagavad Gita clearly states: â€Å"Controlling sense, mind, intellect; With moksha as the supreme goal; Freed from desire, fear, and anger: Such a sage is for ever free. † (5. 28) That passage from the Gita is very similar to the one in the Upanishads: â€Å"The Self is subtler than the subtle, greater than the great; It dwells in the heart of each living being. He who is free from desire and free from grief, with mind and senses tranquil, beholds the glory of the Atman.† (2. 20). According to the Gita and Upanishads, the liberation from Life's vissicitudes and dualities can be attained through discipline of thoughts and emotions, and non-attachment to worldly affairs. Both sources are oriented at a certain sense of â€Å"freedom†. How to attain that, however, Name 3 is where they differ. The Upanishads and the Gita has varying descriptions, yet the same interpretation of faith. In the Upanishads, the term Shraddha was used, which is a Sanskrit word that has no English equivalent, but roughly means â€Å"faith and yearning†.In the commentaries of Swami Paramananda on the Gita, it is stated that â€Å"It is more than mere faith. It also implies self-reliance, an independent sense of right and wrong, and the courage of one's own conviction† (1. 3). In the Gita, we can find a more elaborate description. It was declared that man is dictated by his faith (17. 3), and faith is determined by three dispositions, namely, [1] the quality of truth, [2] action, and [3] indifference (2). The first disposition is marked by doing something without a sking anything in return—altruism.The second disposition is less desirable than the first, however good the act, for it is still motivated by personal desire, and the third is the disposition that leads to injury either of the self or others (17). It is apparent that the first disposition is the favored one. Like the traditional Christian teachings, faith coupled with good action is required, for faith without action is dead, but it is also necessary for one to place faith in the right context. The two books have different views on asceticism, the Gita favors only mental asceticism, while the other included material deprivation as well.The Upanishads view indulgence to worldly affairs as impediments to spiritual progress, while the Gita believes one can still live normally provided that he does not harbor any attachment to mutable things. The Upanishads maintains the practice of bramacharya (life of continence and altruism), and personal austerities. In fact, Nachiketas, a pr otagonist on one of its chapters, has declared his disdain for worldly things by saying that things in Life are â€Å"fleeting†, and even â€Å"the longest life is short. † On the other hand, the Gita views ascetism as counter-productive: Name 4â€Å"Sense-objects turn away from the Abstinent, but the taste for them Remains, but that, too, turns away From him who has seen the Supreme. â€Å" (2. 59) It argues that eliminating the object of desire does not guarantee the removal of the desire itself, as in the cases of drug abuse, mania and similar tendencies. Desire is an internal state and if the matter can be resolved mentally, extreme material deprivation on the ascetic would be unnecessary, and can also be a major obstacle in spiritual progress because its way of life does not liberate the practitioner from samsara (suffering).However, it has stated the importance of treating each worldly affair with full conscionsness or â€Å"single-minded devotion† (11. 54). Although desire is an immaterial thing, depriving oneself of external stimulus would provide a suitable environment for the ascetic in mastering the mind and its passions. Moreover, in the Gita, Nagarjuna, one of the text's protagonists, experienced difficulty in connecting with the eternal and act according to the dictates of his fate, due to his despondency, caused by the incoming war.Temptations or passions are indeed more difficult to resist in their presence than in their absence, but this doesn't mean that living a way of life as described in the Gita is impossible. Both books showed the two faces of the same coin, giving the practioners the freedom to choose according to personal preferences. Name 5 Works Cited Parmananda, Swami. â€Å"The Upanishads†. 1st World Publishing, 2004. â€Å"The Bhagavad Gita†. http://www. atmajyoti. org/

Cultural Conservatism essays

Cultural Conservatism essays Culture in ancient times was defined as the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other. It reflects in effect what humans have added to nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. Through these aspects it is evident that the basis of growth and establishment of human culture is addition and change. However, in modern America this growth of culture is often resisted until it can no longer be held at bay. Many conservatives see these social changes as threatening because they feel that it will ultimately degrade the religious or social ethics which they personally hold. However, to put it simply, and it's not a problem that only conservatives have, conservatives very often confuse ethics and aesthetics. When people such as Gertude Himmelfarb, a conservative Christian historian, attack our, as she perceives it, "amoral," "sexually deviant," and "perverse" culture they are primarily responding to something that they find culturally foreign and aesthetically threatening. I agree that values are oftentimes a good thing, but only when they are born of an ethical and realistic perspective, not an aesthetic one. We are all trying to make out an existence in unbelievably confusing circumstances. Given our biological inheritance, we need to be more tolerant of ourselves and more tolerant and compassionate in our dealings with others. The standards that we have for human behavior are at times noble, but at times quite absurd. We are genetically designed to be lustful, aggressive, gregarious, productive creatures, and it can be a good thing to hold ourselves to high community standards of behavior, but we need to deal with ourselves as who and what we ...

Employment Writing Advice

Employment Writing Advice Employment Writing Advice

Investment Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment Decision Making - Assignment Example Market risk is considered to be un-diversifiable and therefore investors expect a risk premium to compensate them for taking on such risk. (Bodie et al., 2002; Ross et al., 1999). Unsystematic risk otherwise known as firm specific risk or operating risk is risk that can be diversified away and therefore investors should not be compensated for taking on such risk. (Bodie et al., 2002; Ross et al., 1999). Prior to the Basel II accord, more emphasis was placed on hedging market risk. However, following from the Basel II accord, Operations risk herein referred to as OR began receiving greater attention. (Neu and Khn, 2003). The aim of this study is to analyze the problems and risks foreign companies that want to do business in United Arab Emirates and Venezuela are likely to face. In addition, the risk that the company may face in these countries will also be analyzed with respect to each of the two countries. Risk associated with foreign investment whether direct or indirect are numerous. The paper will begin by presenting an overview of the risk situation of United Arab Emirates in part one, focusing on all the risks faced by foreign companies operating in this area. Part two analyse a similar situation as in part one, but focusing on Venezuela. Part three of the paper contrast the situation based on the information presented in part one and two, while the last section made an informed decision to investors as to which of the two countries to invest upon. 1.1.1 United Arab Emirates Overview United Arab Emirates, UAE is a country in the Middle East bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia (IMF Economic Report 2007). Potential market's indicators include United Arab Emirates Population (in millions) 4.5 Import of goods and services (millions $ ) 98.976 GNP (in millions of USD) 103.460 The U.A.E. is considered one of the highest per-capita gross national products in the world (IMF Economic Report 2007). Although still heavily dependent on revenues from oil and gas, the country is relatively well-insulated from periods of low oil prices because of successful moves toward economic diversification, large foreign exchange reserves and overseas investments. 1.1.2 United Arab Emirates Risk Profile This section of the paper looks at the overall risk situation of the UAE area. Attention is paid on key change drivers and risk indicators such as political risk, economic risk, competitive risk, exchange rate fluctuations etc. The section goes ahead and sees if there are some of these risks unique to the area. The Literature surrounding operating risk has centred on its management (e.g., Lewis,

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management Essay

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management - Essay Example Innovative approaches are assessed based on its impact upon its profitability. Through implementing strategic management approaches in ones company, the need for customer satisfaction will be met, not only locally but world wide. Globalization of corporations evolved and exist for many reasons. There could be a need to follow the buying trends of consumers. Another is to meet the demand of customers. In todays business field,there is a rapid emergence of global buyers and sellers. Through the help of the latest technologies, communications, wire and money transfers, receiving of payments and any other activities are made possible regardless of distance, race, and currency. devising, implementing and improving a quality management system (QMS). (PCL - Petts Consulting Ltd) This model of a quality management system approach acknowledge the facts that quality results are achieved by producing a company manual, complete with work procedures and work instructions, proper recording and keeping of quality records and tracking of inputs and outputs. The HACCP System is a systematic approach to the identification, assessment of risk and severity, and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice. (Cianci, 2000) When speaking of HACCP, it is always associated with food safety. By using and by being certified with this system, the customers of the company are always assured of the safe processing of food. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. (Baker, 2006) It is the balance between the