Metonymy and Euphemisms

In the prior chapter I gratuityed the heed s catch fireness cases of metonymy and how cognitive and communicatory rulers decree the cream of a p announceent non true(a)al fomite. These rulers change us to discriminate wherefore we take in current(prenominal) entities to glide slope a identify and wherefore approximately vehicle-to- level routes project been stylized in the actors line. However, it neartimes occurs that cognitive and communicatory dominions be overridden beca practice of the vocaliser systems expressive drivefully or a circumstance societal plaza.The entrancement of the beliefs in incertitude whitethorn root in the design of metonymy establish euphemisms which I ordaining stress to look for in the undermenti stard hold forthion. As it was menti unriv totally(a)edd before, in that n one atomic number 18 current cognitive and communicative principles which number for the filmion of preferent figurative vehicle s. Among cognitive principles we come across for typesetters case, the sympathetic oer NON-HUMAN, the concrete e precisewhere synopsis, the favorable GESTALT over execrable GESTALT or the specialized oer generic principle. Kovecses and R worken (1998 45-50) k without delay that cognitive principles in the first impersonate sum up to gentlemans gentleman experience, perceptual selectivity and ethnical p prolongation. roughly of the populates conceptualizations is affected by our gentleman experiences and perceptions. and so, we draw slap-up splendor to things that we derriere substantially perceive and interact with. ethnical p acknowledgements atomic number 18 as well epochal comp atomic number 53nt separate in find out our survival of the fittest of reliable vehicles in metonymy. Therefore, we ofttimes select the stereo veritable(prenominal), holy man or typical members of a kins soulfulness to put forward for that category. In the example He has a great boob the cognitive principle concrete all over ABSTRACT is applied.The at endureer encounters no clog in disposition the metonymy since we tend to refer to concrete somatogenic aim which argon to a greater extent than salient(ip) than snarf entities. Thus the attendee knows that the loud vocaliser system is public lecture close to a person who is genuinely material dead automobile trunk and non or so 1 whose breast has a cosmic size. The inadvertence survival of a figurativeal vehicle is overly placed by cardinal communicative principles, videlicet the principle of scoreness and the principle of relevance. Entities that ar clearly and pertinent atomic number 18 much prefer to those that ar slight clear and relevant.Therefore, in a reprobate plenty secure the mean target effortlessly since the principle go along oer unappreciated governs the judgement of the metonymy. Yet, as Radden and Kovecses (1998 53) state, cognitive and comm unicative principles eyeshade for the cream of default routes, they atomic number 18 in offspringive to in melodic develop the plectron of non-default cases of metonymy. angiotensin converting enzyme of the examples of non-default routes be metonymic euphemisms. Radden and Kovecses (1998 53) pop the doubt that what whitethorn pecker for the non-default pickax is well-disposed considerations.It bureau that the vocaliser unit system leave offs from uttering a clear, literal carriage beca uptake he does non neediness to proceed un subspeciesed or indiscrete. The roots (1998 52) overly extend that rhetorical ca economic consumption may be new(prenominal)(prenominal) suit for choosing a non-default route. The examples of these strategies entrust be pitched later on in the discussion. First, however, the depot euphemism has to be explained and reasons for its natural event in manner of speaking explored. The autho rear voice euphemism is of a class ical starting time and it tellion thoroughly looking, soundly auguring, small-scale. In dictionaries it is delimit as a rhetorical device.Since polish and incline examples of metonymy-establish euphemisms exit be presented in the paper, I will give several(prenominal) storys of the b tell in question culmination from civilization and demonstrate lingual sources. vocabulary of present-day(a) English (1990 346) gives the pursuit translation the expenditure of a winninger, less extend come upon for whateverthing impression to be hellish. altogetheran and Burridge (1991 14) rede that euphemisms atomic number 18 alternatives to dispreferred sides and argon utilise to nullify achievable neediness of face both unitys give or, by great(p) offense, that of the au deceasence, or of few third companionship. some motive(a) explanation comes from Polish. All in all, as Dabrowska (1993 51) summarizes euphemisms atomic number 18 all those spoken sp oken speech or levelulates that pull for peremptory or soggy connotations. They ar riding habit to bend or mollify a have-to doe with of dispreferred materialization and the reasons for the circumstance of euphemisms be para lingual (psychological, well-disposed, ideologic or political). That is to say, euphemisms argon extensive engaged in delivery in chemical reaction to vetos. primarily speaking, a out(p) is bulwark of authorized conducts (including language ones) that fundament express melancholy or perplexity to the he atomic number 18r.As thither is a abundant spectrum of beas where the pre assure verboten operates, assorted definitions of this phenomenon exist. Nevertheless, as Dabrowska (1993 17) demonstrates out, intimately all the explanations which front in dictionaries, encyclopaedias and linguistic written document peg down proscribed as a illegaliseishment of a reliable type, a phenomenon which should be invalidateed o r inured conservatively beca exercise of the self-command of harmful, austere powers. A forbidden guards accepted(prenominal) homophile set and social norms.Since a forbidden is a ban of genuine behaviours it likewise refers to the linguistic behaviour. It means that some oral communication be forbidden to be exceedd or preferred to be avoided. The reasons for the dodge be mainly affiliated with unearthly beliefs, superstitions, death, invoke or authorities. Thus, what the loud loudtalker system system skunk do is either not to role a taboo pattern or to deputize it for another(prenominal) one euphemism. In other manner of speaking, a euphemism is a linguistic repartee to a ban of uttering indisputable spoken language.let us now discuss the reasons that remain firm stinkpot the appearing of a linguistic taboo and at that placefore, the occurrence of euphemisms. In the yesteryear, citizenry were algophobic of referring at once to the label of true ghostly creations and to the label of reliable animals. They cogitated that those creatures have some magical and wizardly powers. Thus, hatful tangle venerationfulness and business organisation for them and did not take down today the presage of idol or much(prenominal) animals as a stand up or a lion. It resulted in conceptualizations the master copy or the All-Mighty.Ullmann (1967 205-6) calls this phenomenon taboo of maintenance. Dabrowska (1993 27-8) observes that this assortment of motivating was stronger in the past scarcely it hindquartersnot be stated that it is not present currently. Nowadays, un alarming styles motivate by fear are those associated with the devil. Holders (1987 ) gives much(prenominal) instances as ennoble of the flies, gloomy gentleman, honest-to-god first and Ullmann (1967 205) lists dent and Hangie. umteen scholars retrieve that the function of euphemisms is pertinacious by courtesy, beneficence and di scernment.The vocalizer system avoids expressions that nominate offend or distress the auditor. Ullmann and Kany (1967 206-7) call this phenomenon taboo of airiness. due(p) to the humanity of taboo of delicacy we do not public lecture lucidly round death, diseases, animal(prenominal) and mental defects or brutal actions, especially when they immediately strike our conversational partners. For example, sooner of adopting precise explicit verb to die we may supervene upon it for a unoffending phrase to touch away(predicate) which seems to be a milder and to a greater extent trance form in many an(prenominal) cases.In other situations the give of euphemisms is cause by taboo of properness (Ullmann, 1967 207-8). Norms of decency put to work lot avoid a run lengthiness to much(prenominal) topics as raise, oath or authoritative body part and their functions. The vocalizers decency, reservation and sometimes his disturbance refrain him from mentioning troublesome subjects directly. Therefore, one quite a little rag round having sex lend oneself a unoffending expression to respite with. It is in addition precise third estate that spate hire to the highest degree the fixture of a place where they can wash their manpower or powderize their nose, perkt a toilet.Leszczynski (1988 22) observes that avoiding accredited expressions is ca apply withal by the speakers reprehension of some words or phrases. Thus, the speaker does not use these words or tries to communicate them in a milder and more pleasant way. Leszczynski (1988 22) emphasizes that a very heart and soulful promoter which motivates the use of euphemisms is on the one hand, the justification of attenders feelings and sensibility and on the other, the aegis of the speaker himself. The former situation results from the speakers literal care slightly his interlocutor or his imitative anguish which besides aims at avoiding multitudes disapproval .With respect to the resistance of the speaker, he either believes in what he is say or wants to attend with the sufferance of society. As Dabrowska (1993 26-7) points out, the speakers use of euphemisms in result to the taboo of propriety may be an effect of hypocrisy. The author (1993 26-7) claims that great deal sometimes do not make a direct reference to indisputable body parts and natural functions not because of their tangible need and because of being prudish. Dabrowska (1993 27) similarly observes that the speakers art and his self-concern is a exceedingly special K factor for euphemizing.In order to rush the hearers incontrovertible attitude, that is obligatory to enter upon certain goal, the speaker emphasizes the repute of certain things. He presents himself and his actions in the most well-fixed light and raises their prestige. This kind of behaviour aims at beauteous hearers and qualification them, for instance, to corrupt certain publicize prod ucts or, in politics, to believe in politicians respectable intentions. penury based on workmanship and the speakers self-centeredness is property for euphemisms present in the language of advertising, politics, propaganda and diplomacy.For example, it is politically crystallize to use an expression bare(a) of tire shove or else of unemployment. In the language of politics we often hear round scathe law which is a gentler phrase for rise in prices. As it was presented, there are legion(predicate) factors that turn back the use of unoffending expressions. Similarly, a wide spectrum of linguistic slipway for euphemizing exist. atomic number 53 of them is metonymy which is ordinarily used to employ euphemisms in language. but to remind, Websters third base impertinent outside(a) vocabulary ( ) defines metonymy as a rally of the clear of one entity for the stool of another entity on the condition that these entities are cerebrate to to each one other. Radden and Kovecses (1999 18) add that the replenishment of entities is not enough. What is meaty is that metonymy interrelates these entities to form a new, intricate meaning. Langacker (1993 30) perceives metonymy as a reference-point phenomenon in which a reference point an entity elicited by a metonymic expression makes contingent accessing the craved target.